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They estimate the fault is within a few miles of the surface and was active as recently as 1,000 to 1,100 years ago. The EPZ is active, being the locale of the 1995 M 5 Point Robinson earthquake.[136]. [191] How they might be connected is unknown. Just four miles (6km) south the city of Oak Harbor straddles several stands of the Utsalady Point Fault (UPF) as they head roughly east-southeast towards Utsalady Point at the north end of Camano Island. [Paper No. These are usually fairly short, and not believed to be significantly seismogenic. [100], However, gravity and other data suggest that near the southern tip of Whidbey Island the Crescent Formation contact may turn away from the SWIF, and may even be reentrant under north Seattle,[101] forming the northwestern side of the Seattle Basin, and possibly connecting with the recently reported "Bremerton trend" of faulting running from the southern end of Hood Canal, through Sinclair Inlet (Bremerton), and across Puget Sound. While there is a short zone (not shown) of fainter seismicity near Goat Rocks (an old Pliocene volcano[196]) that may be associated with the contact, the substantially stronger seismicity of the WRZ is associated with the major Carbon RiverSkate Mountain anticline. This fault seems to be associated with the Kingston arch anticline, and part of the uplift and basin pattern, but shortened because of the geometry of the SWIF. When the applied stresses become overpowering, the rocks at the fault rupture. Extensive research has since shown the Seattle Fault to be part of a regional system of faults . New gravity data provide information [abstract]", "Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest", "The Everett fault: a newly discovered late Quaternary fault in north-central Puget Sound, Washington [abstract]", "Late Holocene earthquakes on the Toe Jam Hill fault, Seattle fault zone, Bainbridge Island, Washington", "Field and laboratory data from an earthquake history study of scarps in the hanging wall of the Tacoma fault, Mason and Pierce Counties, Washington", "Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington", "Geologic map of the Skokomish Valley and Union 7.5-minute quadrangles, Mason County, Washington", "Supplement to Geologic Maps of the Lilliwaup, Skokomish Valley, and Union 7.5-minute Quadrangles, Mason County, Washington Geologic Setting and Development Around the Great Bend of Hood Canal", "Geologic map of the Hoodsport 7.5-minute quadrangle, Mason County, Washington", "Geologic map of the Brinnon 7.5-minute quadrangle, Jefferson and Kitsap Counties, Washington", "Geologic map of the Seabeck and Poulsbo 7.5-minute quadrangles, Kitsap and Jefferson Counties, Washington", "Evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence ~1100 yr ago in coastal marshes of southern Puget Sound, Washington", 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1299:EFEISA>2.0.CO;2, "Holocene fault scarps and shallow magnetic anomalies along the Southern Whidbey Island Fault Zone near Woodinville, Washington", "Finding concealed active faults: Extending the southern Whidbey Island fault across the Puget Lowland, Washington", "Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA", "The Catfish Lake Scarp, Allyn, Washington: Preliminary Field Data and Implications for Earthquake Hazards posed by the Tacoma Fault", "Seismic Amplification within the Seattle Basin, Washington State: Insights from SHIPS Seismic Tomography Experiments", "Tectonics and Conductivity Structures in the Southern Washington Cascades", "Analysis of Deep Seismic Reflection and Other Data From the Southern Washington Cascades", "Tectonics and Seismicity of the Southern Washington Cascade Range", "Subduction zone and crustal dynamics of western Washington: A tectonic model for earthquake hazards evaluation", 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0217:lmapet>2.3.co;2, "Geologic map of the Snoqualmie Pass 60 minute by 30 minute quadrangle, Washington", "Subsurface Geometry and Evolution of the Seattle Fault Zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington", "Rupture models for the A.D. 900930 Seattle fault earthquake from uplifted shorelines", "Stratigraphy of Eocene rocks in a part of King County, Washington", "Geologic map of Washington Southwest Quadrant", "Geologic Map of the East Olympia 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Thurston County, Washington", "Field data for a trench on the Canyon River fault, southeast Olympic Mountains, Washington", "Crustal Extension at Mount St. Helens, Washington", "Final Technical Report: Two Post-Glavial Earthquakes on the Saddle Mountain West Fault, southeastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington", "Earthquake scenario and probabilistic ground shaking maps for the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area", "Bedrock Geologic Map of the Seattle 30' by 60' Quadrangle, Washington", Preliminary Atlas of Active Shallow Tectonic Deformation in the Puget Lowland, Washington (USGS Open-File Report 2010-1149). On the other hand, the contrasting character of the east-striking and southeast-striking segments is unsettling, and the change of direction somewhat difficult to reconcile with the observed fault traces. [52], Subsequent mapping shows the SWIF wrapping around the eastern end of the Seattle Basin to merge with the Rattlesnake Mountain Fault Zone (RMFZ); the RMFZ, despite the approximately 15 bend and different context, is now believed to be the southern extension of the SWIF. Washington's fault lines tend to sweep east-west. Base map is hillshaded DEM derived from LiDAR data (pixel size 1.8 m) from Puget Sound LiDAR Consortium; illumination from azimuth 05, at 5 above the horizon; datum is NAD83, UTM zone 10N. [158] Vertical movement on these faults has created prominent scarps that have dammed Price Lake and (just north of Saddle Mountain) Lilliwaup Swamp. The Woods Lake Fault, running past Lake Chaplain, corresponds closest to the mapped position of the southern end of Cheney's Mount Vernon Fault. Simply put, the basement rock on the west side of Puget Sound does not match the basement rock on the east side. [75], The strongly expressed topographical lineaments at the north end of the Rogers Belt pose a perplexing problem, as they show no definite offset where they are bisected by the left-lateral oblique-slip Devils Mountain Fault. Based on this and geophysical anomalies it was inferred that there is a major, active strike-slip fault zone running from the south end of Hood Canal, up Dabob Bay, and continuing north on land. This map shows the primary earthquake faults in the Puget Sound and other less prominent faults. Hood Canal marks an abrupt change of physiography between the Puget Lowland and the Olympic Mountains to the west. Although the southwest striking Canyon River Fault is not seen to directly connect with the Saddle Mountain faults, they are in general alignment, and both occur in a similar context of Miocene faulting (where Crescent Formation strata has been uplifted by the Olympics) and a linear aeromagnetic anomaly. Black lines show the South Whidbey Island Fault Zone, the Seattle Fault Zone and the Tacoma Fault Zone. More than a millennium ago, a quake estimated at a magnitude 7 on the Seattle Fault thrust land upward as much as 23 feet and submerged 200-acre chunks of forest in central Puget Sound and Lake . Rainier is offset because the faults are deep and the conduits do not rise quite vertically.) 14 earthquakes in the past 30 days. Because the Seattle and Tacoma faults run directly under the biggest concentration of population and development in the region, more damage would be expected, but all the faults reviewed here may be capable of causing severe damage locally, and disrupting the regional transportation infrastructure, including highways, railways, and pipelines. We use an extensive network of marine high-resolution and conventional industry seismic-reflection data to constrain the location, shallow structure, and displacement rates of the Seattle fault zone and crosscutting high-angle faults in the Puget Lowland of western Washington. It may also be the original location of the DarringtonDevils Mountain Fault (the dashed line "X" at the top of the following map). These include the: Southern Whidbey Island Fault (SWIF) Seattle Fault Devils Mountain Fault Strawberry Point fault Utsalady Point fault Calawah fault Barnes Creek Although these faults are west of the Hood Canal Fault (previously presumed to be the western boundary of the Puget Lowland), new studies are revealing that the Saddle Mountain and related faults connect with the Seattle fault zone. For the following reviews the primary source of information is the U.S. Geological Survey's Quaternary fault and fold database (QFFDB), which includes details of discovery, a technical description, and bibliography for each fault; a specific link is provided (where available) at the end of each section. [197] This anticline, or uplifted fold, and the narrower width of the northern part of the SWCC, reflects an episode of compression of this formation. In the angle between these is located the minor Lincoln Creek uplift, the Doty Hills, and, further west, an impressive chunk of Crescent basalt. [44] The significance of this whether the edge of the Crescent Formation (and implicitly of the Siletz terrane) turns southward (discussed below), or the metamorphic basement is supplanted here by other volcanic rock is not known. It is uncertain how these faults relate to the structure, and whether they are deep-seated faults, or fractures due to bending of the shallow crust. [102] Or the Crescent margin may simply (and quietly) just run south-southeast under Seattle to the WRZ. Thick glacial and other deposits, heavy vegetation, urban development, and a topography of sharp relief and rapid erosion obscures the surface expression of faults in this region, and has hindered their discovery. The Puget Sound region is not just potentially seismic, it is actively seismic. The Seattle Fault is a zone of complex thrust and reverse faults between lines E and F on the map up to 7km wide and over 70km long that delineates the north edge of the Seattle Uplift. Full-Time. [200], Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier are located where their associated fault zones make a bend (see map, above).[201](Mt. The Doty Fault appears to terminate against, or possibly merge with, the Salzer Creek Fault at Chehalis; the Salzer Creek Fault is traced another seven miles east of Chehalis. [16] For the past 50 million years or so (since the early Eocene epoch) these have been thrust by subduction up against the North Cascades ("fixed block" in the diagram), which sit on the North American Plate. However, the Hood Canal fault has been "largely inferred"[147] due to a paucity of evidence, including lack of definite scarps and any other signs of active seismicity. Kinematic analysis suggests that if shortening (compression) in the Puget Lowland is directed to the northeast (i.e., parallel to Hood Canal and the Saddle Mountain deformation zone) and thus oblique to the Dewatto lineament, it should be subject to both strike-slip and dip-slip forces, implying a fault. This is the Dewatto lineament, believed to result from an east-dipping low-angle thrust fault where the western flank of the Seattle Uplift has been pushed into the northwestern corner of the Tacoma Basin. [112] But if the Seattle Fault should break in conjunction with other faults (discussed above), considerably more energy would be released, on the order of ~M 8. [219] Various other faults in the North Cascades are older (being offset by the Straight Creek Fault) and are unrelated to the faults in Puget Sound. [98] This turns and runs just south of Victoria, nearly in-line with the SWIF. (A tsunami generated by a quake on the offshore Cascadia Subduction Zone would be . [88] (See the adjacent map. 4) Drag square on line to include events to plot. [126], An emerging view is that the Dewatto fault marks the western edge of the relatively rigid Seattle Uplift (see map). 4 earthquakes in the past 30 days. Let's make your home safer The WRZ and SHZ are associated with the southern Washington Cascades conductor (SWCC), a formation of enhanced electrical conductivity[194] lying roughly between Riffe Lake and Mounts St. Helens, Adams, and Rainier, with a lobe extending north (outlined in yellow, right). About 1,100 years ago, a major earthquake rocked Puget Sound, suddenly shooting what is now Restoration Point on Bainbridge Island up about 23 feet while Seattle 's West Point sunk more than. Discovery of faults has been greatly facilitated with the development of LIDAR, a technique that can generally penetrate forest canopy and vegetation to image the actual ground surface with an unprecedented accuracy of approximately one foot (30cm). The 1949, 1965, and 2001 Puget Sound earthquakes were the result of _____ fault movement within the Juan de Fuca plate. [73] The presence of detritus from the Idaho Batholith[72] indicates a former location closer to southern Idaho. Study of surface deformation suggests possible unmapped faults near Federal Way, running between Sumner and Steilacoom, and south of Renton.[223]. [203] This line is the southernmost of a band of NE trending faults and topographical lineaments that extend from the Oregon coast into the North Cascades. These lineaments have been associated with possible zones of faulting in the crust and subducting plate.[212]. An earthquake occurs along a south-moving fault. According to the recent seismological studies, the Seattle Fault is believed to be a zone of thrust or reverse faults that strikes through Seattle in the densely populated Puget Lowland of western Washington (Johnson et al., 1999). This map is useful in showing the location and approximate length of faults but does not provide the impact an earthquake from a fault could have on the area surrounding. [104] Although there is no direct evidence for any major north-striking faults under Seattle, this prospect appears to be endorsed by the geological community.[105]. [142]) This reflects westward thrusting of the Seattle Uplift into the Dewatto basin, a northwestern extension of the Tacoma basin. This is supported by geologically recent scarps and other signs of active faulting on the Saddle Mountain faults, and also discovery of a geophysical lineament running through Pleasant Harbor (south of Brinnon) that appears to truncate strands of the Seattle Fault. South of Monroe the folds of the Rogers Belt are obscured by subsequent volcanic formations, but other faults parallel to the RMFZ (e.g., the Snoqualmie Valley and Johnson's Swamp fault zones) extend the general trend of NNW faulting as far as Monroe. It appears that the Seattle Uplift is acting as a rigid block, with the Tacoma, Dewatto, and Seattle faults being the southern, western, and northern faces. It follows the Bainbridge Island ferry route east under Puget Sound and the route of Interstate 90 toward, and possibly beyond, the Cascade Mountains. One study of seismic vulnerability of bridges in the Seattle Tacoma area[4] estimated that an M 7 earthquake on the Seattle or Tacoma faults would cause nearly as much damage as a M 9 subduction earthquake. [107], The Seattle Fault was first identified in 1965[108] but not documented as an active fault until 1992 with a set of five articles establishing that about 1100 years ago (AD 900930) an earthquake of magnitude 7+ uplifted Restoration Point and Alki Point, dropped West Point (the three white triangles in the Seattle Basin on the map), caused rockslides in the Olympics, landslides into Lake Washington, and a tsunami on Puget Sound. That earthquake, likely between magnitude 7 and 7.5, lifted the southern end of Bainbridge Island and West Seattle more than 20 feet (3 meters), generated a tsunami, and created landslides into Lake Washington, says Bill Steele . The northern end of the Crescent Formation (aka Metchosin Formation) has been identified as the eastwest trending Leech River Fault on the southern tip of Vancouver Island. Sail Date: October 2022 . 182-3]", "Western limits of the Seattle fault zone and its interaction with the Olympic Peninsula, Washington", "Seismic reflection imaging across the eastern portions of the Tacoma fault zone", "The western extension of the Seattle fault: new insights from seismic reflection data", "Seismic Characterization of the Seattle and Southern Whidbey Island Fault Zones in the Snoqualmie River Valley, Washington", "Fault number 552, Hood Canal fault zone", "Radiocarbon Ages of Probable Coseismic Features from the Olympic Peninsula and Lake Sammamish, Washington", "Geologic map of the Summit Lake 7.5-minute quadrangle, Thurston and Mason Counties, Washington", "The Olympia structure; ramp or discontinuity? Relatively shallow crustal earthquakes, generally less than 25km (16 miles) deep, caused by stresses and faulting in the near-surface crustal structures. Analysis of seismic profiles extending 50 km across the Puget Lowland from Lake Washington to Hood Canal indicates . [11] Marine seismic reflection surveys on Puget Sound where it cuts across the various faults have provided cross-sectional views of the structure of some of these faults, and an intense, wide-area combined on-shore/off-shore study in 1998 (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound, or SHIPS)[12] resulted in a three-dimensional model of much of the subsurface geometry. Olympia VA Clinic at VA Puget Sound health care, 253-583-2621 Here the main strand on the western edge merges with the Sultan River Fault under the Sultan River. 39 earthquakes in the past 365 days. Nurse Information Line at VA Puget Sound health care, 800-329-8387 x4. Not until 2001 was it identified as a fault zone,[12] and only in 2004 did trenching reveal Holocene activity. Energy builds up as elastic strain in rocks. Combined with continued aggressive electric conservation efforts, Energize . However, there are indications that the fault is segmented, which might limit rupturing and earthquake magnitude.[36]. A Cascadia event could cause dangerous currents in Puget Sound, reaching speeds up to 9 knots in the Agate Passage north of Bainbridge Island and 6 knots off of Discovery Park in Seattle. A Seattle Fault quake could be as large as M7.5,160 but less than M7.0 is more probable. (Not included in QFFDB. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This follows the front of the Rosedale monocline, a gently southwest-tilting formation that forms the bluffs on which Tacoma is built. This bend has distorted the subducting slab into an arch that has lifted the Olympic Mountains and prevented them from subducting. This is an important observation because the Strawberry Point, Utsalady Point, Southern Whidbey Island, and various other unnamed faults lying between the DDMFZ and the OWL all of which converge at the western end of the DDMFZ seem to be intermediate versions of the DDMFZ.[34]. This is because the Olympic terrane is moving (relative to North America) northeast; its continued clockwise rotation is akin to a giant wheel rolling up the western side of the North Cascade crystalline core. The Seattle fault zone is where the forward edge of the slab, coming to the top of the ramp, breaks and slips into the Seattle Basin. Whether the faulting continues eastward is not yet determined. These features suggest that the southern Puget Lowland is influenced by the deep crust and even the subducting Juan de Fuca plate, but the details and implications are not yet known. On the east, the Devils Mountain Fault connects with the south striking Darrington Fault (not shown) which runs to the OWL, and the Southern Whidbey Island Fault extends via the Rattlesnake Mountain Fault Zone (dashed line) to the OWL. 112 earthquakes in the past 365 days. This boundary would be the contact where northward movement of the basement rock of the Puget Lowland against the Olympic Peninsula is accommodated; it would be expected to be a significant seismological zone. Also, the sedimentary Chuckanut Formation (part of the NWCS, green) north of the DMF correlates to the Suak and Roslyn Formations just north of Manastash Ridge. 1 - 10 of 77 American Spirit Cruise Reviews. The Canyon River Fault is believed to have caused a similar-sized earthquake less than 2,000 years ago;[167] this is a particular hazard to the Wynoochee Dam (to the west). See Snavely et al. [62] These ridges (part of a broader regional pattern that reflects the roots of the former Calkins Range[63]) are formed of sediments that collected in the Everett basin during the Eocene, and were subsequently folded by northeast-directed compression against the older Cretaceous and Jurassic rock to the east that bound the Puget Lowland. [120] However, the Saddle Mountain fault zone is not quite reciprocally aligned,[121] trending more northerly to where it encounters westeast trending faults (including the Hamma Hamma fault zone) that appear to be a westward extension of the Seattle Fault zone. 1 - 10 of 83 American Seattle Cruise Reviews. The SWCC appears to be Tertiary marine sediments, not the pre-Tertiary metamorphic rock of the Cascades province; this would seem to make it part of the Coast Range province, with the Coast RangeCascade contact further east. This seems geologically reasonable, as both the SWIF and RMFZ appear to be the contact between Tertiary Crescent Formation basement of Puget Sound on the west and the older Mesozoic (pre-Tertiary) mlange belt basement rocks under the Cascades on the east.[110]. Read More. [198], Does the SHZ extend north? Although Washington State's Puget Sound has been shaken every few decades, damage in the region's largest cities, including Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia, has only ever been modest. If the pattern is continued to the southwest, along cross-section A-A' in Pratt's figure 11 (and missing the mapped trace of the Doty Fault), then the next basin is at Grays Harbor (not shown here). 6) Click "Plot" Draw. Tacoma's Gain is Seattle's Pain. Black lines show the South Whidbey Island Fault Zone, the Seattle Fault Zone and the Tacoma. Other similar lineaments (such as from Astoria to Glacier Peak) align with various topographical features and changes in fault orientation. There are other tsunami scenarios that are not accounted for in these maps, such as tsunamis caused by . One study compared the relative elevation of two marshes on opposite sides of Whidbey Island, and determined that approximately 3,000 years ago an earthquake of M 6.57.0 caused 1 to 2 meters of uplift.

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